Music Video - Evaluation

Prior to the performance, we arrived at the venue with all the required equipment in order to set up safely and orderly. For camera 1, we taped down the tripod in front of the barrier, in order to limit the possibly of the set up becoming a safety hazard. This also meant that there would be less of a chance for the camera being damaged by any accidental moving of the tripod. During the performance I remained mindful of where I moved around with the two other cameras. Although it was vital to get a variety of shots, I had to stay alert at all times, to avoid potential injury to others, or damage to the equipment.

In order to get a sufficient amount of footage, I filmed throughout the gig and not just during the chosen song. I was able to capture a selection of audience shots, performance shots (from each band member) and various filler shots.

One major disadvantage that I encountered, was not having control over the lighting set up, however from my previous experience of shooting gigs, I made sure that I had equipment which was going to benefit my filming the most. I used lenses that allow a low aperture setting to compensate for low lighting, as I would need a relatively fast shutter speed to capture movement without much motion blur and a low iso to reduce graininess.

Prior to starting the editing process, I went through all the clips I had shot and organised them into categories, such as drum shots, guitar shots, bass shots, audience shots etc. This helped to speed up the overall editing process, as I was able to access the footage I needed with ease, without having to sift through each clip individually.

Both myself and the band decided to have the video in black and white. When comparing the raw footage (which was shot in colour) to the edited monochrome sequence, we found that the desaturated version has much more aesthetic appeal. As stated in the extract below, I feel that the use of black and white in this instance has a more elusive meaning, it has been used particularly for visual impact, as opposed to a means of conveying any deeper significance.

As the audio track was over five minutes in length, I felt that the biggest challenge was creating a sequence that didn't have a repetitive or dry feel to it, therefore I made use of all the footage I had shot and incorporated overlay during the outro. This visually reflected the heavier section of the song, by representing the dense structure of the final crescendo. 

BUTLER, J G. (1994): Television: Critical Methods and Applications. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Music Video - Shotlist

Music Video - Shooting Plan

Taking into consideration the given deadline for this unit, I have decided to shoot a live performance video with my clients 'Flight 15', as well as the studio performance which we initially agreed upon, in order to ensure that I will have a sequence completed in time. I have taken visual influence from various existing music videos, in order to form a shooting plan.

Although live performances are particularly spontaneous in nature, I found that by watching and analysing other live/stadium performances there are universal elements that are present in a majority of them.



When focusing on a specific song it is vital to capture parts of the live performance that reflect the track. To do this with success, I have decided to use a multi camera set up so that I have a diverse array of shots and plenty of filler shots to use throughout the video.

Camera 1: 
Tripod - Master Shot

Camera 2:
Tripod - Front of house

Camera 3:
Handheld/Steadicam - Audience shots/Close ups of band members

It would be visually effective to focus on the vocalist in order to convey the lyrics, equally shooting the other band members would work to illustrate and amplify the music at times.
I intend to get a variety of filler shots to add more visual dynamic to the overall piece, such as; filming the band setting up/leaving the stage, reaction shots from the audience and head shots of band members during the performance.

As I will be filming in a live environment, I will need to consider all health and safety aspects that I may encounter. It would be beneficial to keep all my equipment in front of the audience barriers in order to minimise chances of injuries to others and damage to any of the equipment.

Music Video - Planning

Flight 15 - "Glitter and Gold" 

For this unit, I have been in contact with a local band about producing a music video for them.  After deciding upon a song, we have started discussing the style and theme of the video.

Collectively the band have developed the idea that the video will be a studio performance, however set in the 1950's. As the bands sound predominantly fits into the rock genre, Goodwin would suggest that the style of the video would contradict the music itself, offering an alternative perspective which increases visual appeal and allows the viewer to develop their own interpretation of events. I have started to plan the visual and technical elements of the shoot, as well as any health and safety aspects I may need to consider.

The band have selected a location; a relatively large hall including stage space for them to conduct the performance upon. As well as the band themselves, there will be extras playing an audience. As there will be a large amount of people at the shoot, I will have to consider the placement of my equipment, so that I avoid the risks of injuries to others and any damage to camera or lighting equipment.

Although the video will predominantly conform to the genre of studio performance, the fact that it will be set in a different time era almost produces a narrative in itself. I have looked at existing videos set in other time periods for visual influence and have considered various visual features; In order to make it conspicuously clear that the video is set in the past it would be worth experimenting during post production with black and white filters to see if that manifests an authentic feel.

Music Video - Research

Research findings

I conducted some initial research into music video production in order to develop some understanding in what makes a successful sequence. I analysed the theories of Carol Vernallis and Andrew Goodwin and applied them to various music videos. Collecting secondary findings before hand, provided me with a better foundation to begin planning my own work; I was able to develop a deeper understanding of the styles of music video and the editing techniques that they make use of.

I first began by applying the theories of Goodwin and Vernallis to a selection of music videos from different genres. Doing so allowed me to produce more valid findings, as opposed to looking at just one genre of music. In addition to this, I conducted semiotic analysis to examine other aspects of each sequence, such as the meaning behind different camera shots, mise en scene and the purpose of each edit/cut.

I produced a short questionnaire which allowed me to gather primary data on what makes a successful and appealing music video. Although the results varied depending on personal choice, there were some clear trends. I used a selection of questions that would give me an insight into peoples preference, such as:

What do you look for in a music video?

What is your preferred genre of music video?
- Stadium Performance
- Studio Performance
- Location
- Narrative
- Conceptual/Experimental

What makes a good narrative?
- conceptual/experimental
- relatable themes
- metanarrative

Is star image important to convey in music videos?

As a result of the multiple choice layout for some of the questions, the results provided me with quantitative findings which were easy to collate into an ordered format. The open questions offered me rich data in a qualitative format, giving a deeper insight into what I should include in my music video and most importantly, what genre I should choose.

Following this, a focus group allowed me to gather further primary research, however more directed towards my own work.  I had already conducted enough research prior to this, to develop a few ideas to pitch to the group. I found that people suggested a studio performance, as opposed to narrative would work best for the band and song that I have selected.
I would have preferred to present the song to the group, so that I could get more directed feedback, however the band were still in the process of choosing a song.

Once the band had sent me the chosen track and a rough idea of what they wanted the video to entail, I began researching accordingly. The band had decided to contradict the style of their music by having the visuals represent a 1950's style setting. I analysed "Buddy Holly" - Weezer and "In Bloom" - Nirvana. I found that common features in both these sequences, like the monochrome and static effects, manifested an authentic feel of the time period they were set in.
As Goodwin would suggest, visuals of this manner contradict the music. As well as opposing the conventional preconception of star image in relation to an alternative rock band. 

Music Video - Planning

Visual Mood board - Idea 2

Music Video - Planning

Although I have been in contact with a potential client for a music video, I am not certain that I will be able to complete the task in line with the given deadlines, therefore, I have decided to look at existing songs to base a video upon.



With this song, I feel that there is much scope for experimentation and there is a clear opportunity to develop a conceptual narrative, which will compliment the almost illusory feel that the music possesses. Musically, there is a steady tempo and a very repetitive feel, which would work to create visual repetition. The lyrics hold quite a personal essence and to amplify this, I would like to base the sequence upon a single subject.

To combine both the musical and visual elements, I plan to have the subject walking through a single location in a cyclical manner, this will act as an illustration of the lyrics in the chorus; "Feel like a brand new person. But you'll make the same old mistakes". I think that it would look more effective to have the subject wondering through the location oblivious to his surroundings, with a neutral expression, whilst around him there are repetitive mistakes being carried out again and again.

Visually similar to the style of this video:

Music Video - Planning

After conducting research into music video production, I intend to combine studio performance and narrative in my own project. I have contacted a local band who are looking to create a music video and are particularly looking at shooting a studio style performance video.

I am particularly drawn to studio performance as there is scope to experiment with lighting, colour, camera angles and motion, as displayed in this video.

One of the most grasping aspects is the harmony between the visual and aural; the pace of the shots perfectly amplifies the music. This is achieved through the various camera movements, such as panning and zoom. Another visually enticing feature is the use of slow motion, which once again, amplifies the music, adding to the overall ambience.

The lighting set up is relatively simple by design, however it adds immeasurably to the mood, by creating high contrast and even lens flare which offers more dimension and depth. In addition to this, the lighting amplifies the music by running in time to the track, altering colour and intensity accordingly. During the chorus, there is a warmer and brighter feel overall, as opposed to the verses, where the temperature is noticeably colder and lighting is overall less intense.

Visually, I would like to achieve something similar in my own production, however would need to consider the lyrical and conceptual elements of the song I am using.

I think a studio performance in this style would be complimented by a conceptual narrative. However, as mentioned I would need to consider the musical and lyrical elements of my chosen song before developing any ideas for a narrative. I intend for the visuals to amplify the music as well as the lyrics, I would also like to edits the cuts in time to the music to reflect the pace of the audio.

Music Video - Planning

Visual Mood Board - Idea 1

Music Video - Contextual Research

Carol Vernallis - 'The Kindest Cut: functions and meanings of music video editing'

Vernallis suggests that music videos rarely follow the coherent and ordered structure of continuity editing, which most other forms of film adhere to. Perhaps this is a result of wanting to make the video somewhat memorable in its design, as opposed to following a chronological order of events, as a majority of films do. A master shot, or base track is often used, specifically if there is a performance sequence involved, this provides a foundation for structure. The camera usually moves in time to the music and there is greater freedom between the transitions of shots, following no conventional order and sometimes jump cuts are used, to speed up events, seeing as most music videos only last between 2 - 4 minutes."Music video's disjunctive editing keeps us within the ever-changing surface of the song" (VERNALLIS, 2001).

Such discontinuity allows the viewer to focus on other elements of the production, such as the music, which is just as - if not more - significant than the video itself. Whereas it is common for Hollywood film style continuity to draw the observer into the narrative. Here we see that action is rarely concluded and a narrative is simply implied, as opposed to being fully explained. "Visual hooks create continuity. Non continous shots linked by a singe feature unified by figure, shape, colour and settings."

The types of camera movements, edits and other visual elements which are used to enhance the music itself include; extreme high/low angle shots, extended tracking shots, unconventional tilts, pans and zooms. Close ups are used as a focus point, as sometimes the movement of shots is too rapid to follow and develop an understanding from.

Vernallis also suggests that the singer will most likely be positioned at the focal point of the frame and that when an artist makes eye contact with the camera, breaking the fourth wall, they are no longer simply viewed as an object.

Editing in music video, can serve different functions and often shifts purpose throughout a single production. The most common examples include; enhancing the structure and pace of the audio, reflecting star image, illustrating the lyrical content, or simply creating aesthetic appeal. “Music videos break down visual, lyrical and musical elements to the smallest constituent parts – a prop, a colour, a gesture, a few words, an intriguing riff” (VERNALLIS, 2001).

In music video, it is very often the case that what we hear influences the way we perceive the images presented to us, however what draws our focus in a visual sense will determine how we hear the music, so it works both ways. The visual and aural elements should be used in harmony, in order to form a striking and memorable music video.

References:
VERNALLIS, 2001. The Kindest Cut: functions and meanings of music video editing. Oxford Press

Music Video - Analysis of Text

The video presents a combination of the genre styles; studio performance and conceptual/experimental. The two have a specific visual style which allows them to correspond fluidly into one sequence.

The performance acts as a way of illustrating the music, whilst the conceptual elements amplify it. In addition to this, the edit has been done in such a way that each cut reflects the pace of the composition. In some instances, the lyrics are visually represented in quite a literal way; on the line 'sucked into the supermassive [black hole]' there is a shot which zooms into a black hole. Not only does this illustrate the lyrics, it also amplifies the music, as the camera movement is displayed in time to the composition.

Conceptually, the warped identities of the band and the actors, mirrors the ambiguity of the lyrics, which allows the viewer to develop their own interpretation of events. This is added to by the fact that the video, directed by Floria Sigismondi, shows a certain for influence from the 1943 production "Meshes of the Afternoon". With the reference to the mirror faced figures, there is a sense of elusive identity.

In terms of mise en scene, lighting and colour has been used to influence the mood and ambience of the video, ultimately illustrating both the music and lyrics. 

The colour red is used numerous times, perhaps to indicate the intimate essence of the lyrical content and manifest this in a visual form. It also connotes towards the lyric 'you set my soul alight', as the colour holds a relation to fire. 

There is a sense of voyeurism used, however its seems to form part of the narrative. It is presented in such instances where a male-like figure observes a female equivalent through a pair of binoculars. This appears to be a theme throughout the video; the constant observations between characters, insinuates a provocative undertone. This also presents predator like connotations, particularly enhanced by the close up of the owl eye.

There is a recognisable awareness of artistic style throughout the video, which is highlighted by technical aspects such as close ups and other various camera movements. The band are all presented in a similar way; mise en scen costume, there is a certain casual elegance in the attire of the band members adding immeasurable amounts to the concept, bringing to light the soul of the song.

Promotional Video - Client Feedback

After sending the final draft to my client, I was pleased to receive such positive feedback. There was no mention of any alterations or improvements to be made, as Jayne was pleased with the production overall.

She has also requested for me to film and photograph a selection of future events for her brand.

Promotional Video - Evaluation

Overall I feel that each task for this unit was conducted well and achieved successfully as a result of careful planning and active engagement. I feel that initial research into my clients brand was vital, as it allowed me to develop some ideas in terms of what I wanted to create visually and conceptually. I looked into her work by visiting her official website and social media pages; this helped by giving me some grounds to go by in terms of her aesthetic and visual style, so that I could incorporate it into my own work.

Doing this also allowed me to develop an idea of what type of background music I wanted to use. I contacted a producer and sent a few existing compositions along with a visual mood board as inspiration for them to work from. By doing this, I was able to find a corresponding piece of music for my work, whilst avoiding the risk of using any copyright audio material.

By conducting research prior to starting the project, I was able to have a rough idea of how long I wanted the video to be. This made the editing process easier; by focusing on what to include within a particular length of time, I was able to cut down the interview section and various other shots, to create a concise yet succinct final piece, just enough to present all the relevant information about my client's work.

I made sure to get as involved as possible in my clients work. I attended fashion shows/photo shoots and arranged to film my client in her workspace, so that I could capture the craftsmanship as well as the glamour that surrounds her final pieces. By filming a variety of footage in various locations, I was able to create a diverse montage, which showcased the best of my clients work.

Ideally, I would have liked to capture more of the craftsmanship involve in my clients work, however due to a lack of time, I was unable to do so. In essence, I feel that more of shots of Jayne in her working environment would have added to the authenticity of the overall piece and added a sense of balance between the hands on work and the final pieces displayed in the fashion shows and photo shoots.

The main obstacle that I faced, was in trying to arrange time to record interviews with my client. Her work schedule was relatively full, therefore it became a problem finding a day where she was able to let me film her in her workspace. However, this was overcome and the interview with Jayne, provided a deeper insight to her work, tying together the video overall.

In terms of editing, I found that it was easier to edit once I had the audio to work with. In this instance, the rhythmic style editing complimented the content of the video, whilst also keeping an upbeat flow to engage the viewers attention. Other elements that I had to consider during the editing process were the levels of both the music and interview; it is vital that my clients interview was clearly audible over the backing track, so that I could attain the ultimate purpose of the video, which was to promote her work. In response to the final draft that I had sent to my client, she had directed me to alter the levels of the audio tracks so that her interview was more audible.

I found that organising my videos into folders made the editing process much easier, as I was able to select the footage that I needed in order to correspond with what my client was discussing during the interview.

Music Video - Analysis of Text

One of the most striking aspects of the video, is the way visuals have been edited to cut in time to the audio track, 'preserving the videos momentum' (VERNALLIS, C. 2001). It works be amplifying the music itself which highlights the instrumentation of the piece.

In addition to this, the diverse visual elements illustrate and amplify the lyrical content of the song. An obvious example would be the lyrics that manifest in various ways, in a written form.

A sense of artistic branding is highlighted through the performance that the artist delivers during the course of the video; a simplistic yet intensely sincere presentation is reflective of the artists style.

It would seem that the genre of the video is predominantly studio performance, however the way that the lyrical content has been portrayed through the use of written indicators and manipulation of inanimate objects, there is a slight narrative that is developed.

The overall feel of the video is expressed through the various visual elements, enhancing the musical side of things. The location itself is sets a personal and familiar ambience, once again this is a device used to express artistic branding. It gives an insight into the artist style, both visual and musical elements.

References:
VERNALLIS, C. 2001 "The Kindest Cut: functions and meanings of music video editing".

Music Video - Analysis of Text

The use of close ups to introduce the video, acts as an expressive device, getting across artistic portrayal. This alludes towards star iconography and branding, presenting the very distinctive image of the artist herself.

In addition, a sense of voyeurism is introduced as the viewers are given the opportunity to observe the artist from a rather intimate distance. This is reinforced as the video progresses, where we see the artist clothed in revealing attire. The overall style of the video reflects some from of meta narrative, which is enhanced through the choreography. It is suggestive of her mixed creative abilities and visual style, which ultimately structures some sort of hyperreality.  As displayed below, her album artwork is a representation of herself, composed in such a way that the observer is forced to question its legibility. However, her most distinctive traits are easily recognisable, particularly the hair and makeup.

The lyrics are amplified and illustrated in various instances; not only does the video feature the artist delivering a very sincere performance of the song, which increases the authenticity, we also see that a theme of isolation is referred to, which is complimented by a long shot of the artist in solitude.

Similarly, the music is amplified by what's on screen; throughout the video the visuals enhance the pace of the audio, producing creative harmony. From a technical perspective, it is clear to see that the shots have been cut in time to the music, as well as being filmed in such a way that the musical elements are highlighted. An example of this is the rotation of the camera, which particularly amplifies the vocals and central melody. 

As Goodwin would suggest, the genre of this music video is a studio performance combined with experimental and conceptual elements. Again, this stands a reflection of the artist and brings to light her star image.

Promotional Video - Client Feedback & Draft Questionnaire

I have been in constant contact with my client, discussing improvements and amendments to the video. I sent an initial draft edit, so that my client was able to get an idea of what direction the video was taking in term of content and aesthetic.

In addition to this, I have constructed a draft online survey as a quick and easy method of collecting feedback from my client for the finished product. I chose to include questions that were relevant and beneficial to the area of work, including a series of multiple choice questions and some with a more open format.

Music Video - Contextual Research

Andrew Goodwin - Dancing In The Distraction Factory

In an overview of his analysis, it can be said that the most significant ideas that Goodwin proposed suggest that there is a direct relationship between lyrics/music and visuals; the visuals presented may either illustrate, amplify or contradict the music and/or lyrics. Also, it is often the case that we see how the visuals are cut in time to the audio.

In addition to this, Goodwin also highlighted the genre characteristics of music videos, which include: stadium performances, studio performances, location, narrative and conceptual/experimental. No genre of music is distinctly defined by a style of video, however there are key visual indicators and themes that are identifiable. A popular feature is close ups of the artists, often this is implemented as a demand from record companies to feature the artist heavily in the video. Some artists will use this to develop motifs, which occur across multiple videos; artistic branding, celebrity culture, artistic portrayal and implications on looking good. Similarly, star iconography is something that artists tend to develop in their music videos through branding, style, brand values or unique selling points.

There are also many examples of voyeurism used in various music videos in the form of nudity/revealing clothes, exhibitionism, intimate settings and frame within a frame. In this context, the male gaze is often used to attract a male audience, typically achieved by focusing upon a voyeuristic perception towards and an objectification of women. The emphasis of looking is also reinforced by having the artist look directly into the camera.

Finally, Goodwin noted that music videos often incorporate intertextuality, by referencing other music videos, films, or television programs.

References:
GOODWIN, A. (1992) "Dancing In The Distraction Factory". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 

Promotional Video - Interview Prep

In preparation for an interview with my client, I have been watching various promotional videos that incorporate interviews to gain inspiration and get an idea of the types of questions I could ask and how I want the shots to look visually. 

The type of questions I intend to ask include, how long my client has been running her independent business and what inspired her to do so. I feel that such questions will evoke answers that not only give an insight into her expertise, but also adds a personal element, showcasing her carefully crafted talent and skill.

In addition to this, I would like to overlay the spoken dialogue with shots of her working, showing her final pieces and elements of the planning process. I feel that this will tie together all of the other footage, in a cohesive and visually diverse manner.

Promotional Video - Initial Draft

For the initial draft, I have edited together all the footage captured from two fashion shows and collated it into a montage sequence. From this, I feel that an interview is necessary in order to give the viewer a clearer idea of what the video is promoting. Hence, I intend to have shots of my client talking about their business and their products, this will be complimented with shots of them working on headpieces in their office as well as the catwalks. The spoken dialogue will help to provide an explanation and insight, into the work of my client. In addition, it will create a dynamic variation in a visual sense, bringing the viewers awareness back to the client, engaging them in the essence of the video, which is her work.

As there was a lot of footage to edit into the sequence, I was sure to arrange everything into relevant folders, making the overall process much easier and more convenient. This also allowed me to combine various videos into one coherent sequence, in which I was able to show a vast variety of my clients work.

Promotional Video - Sound Production

As of the commercial nature of the video, using music that is subject to copyright, may present numerous implications. I ensured I got my client's opinion in regards to what style of music would work best with the video. Not only do I want a composition that fits as an enhancing piece of background audio, however I want it to reflect the brand identity and compliment the visual pace.

I have contacted various music producers, so that I can incorporate a piece of background music without violating any rights. I sent them a visual mood board along with a selection of existing tracks as inspiration, so that they can get an idea of visual and aural style.

Already this project has allowed me to experience what is involved when working to a professional standard. By contacting various clients I have been able to develop my time management and communication skills, providing an organised and professional standard of work to my chosen client.

Promotional Video - Planning and Client Feedback

I have been in touch with my client, discussing the planning process for the final video. Maintaining such a level of communication is vital during the preproduction stages, as it has allowed me to manage my time efficiently. By getting a clear understanding of what my client requires in their video, I have restricted any time being wasted on planning sequences that would be of no commercial value to my client. The shot list that I had composed was an organised way of presenting my ideas to the client, which reinforces the benefit of planning each stage with care and attention to relevant details. In addition, constructing a gantt chart allowed me to show the client a guideline schedule, which we must attempt to adhere to as much as possible.

The client seems inclined to allow me predominant control over the direction of the video, particularly in terms of structure. However she has directed me on the visual style of the video, so that we can fully express the brand identity. We have planned to include a selection of still images, in the video sequence so that my clients work can be presented in a diversely appealing manner. In addition to this, I intend to edit the videos, in accordance to the audio, keeping a consistent pace to the visual and aural elements of the sequence.

I have been requested to attend a fashion show, as well as a photo shoot in which my clients work will be displayed. As of the nature of both events, there will be photographers and cameramen present throughout, meaning that those present will be aware of the possibility of being filmed/photographed. However, I have ensured that those who are working 'behind the scenes'; such as hairstylists, makeup artists, photographers and designers - my client included - have signed a release form so that I officially have their written consent and permission to be filmed.

In addition to this, I have decided to capture a variety of shots that display my clients craftsmanship, showing the work that goes into making each piece. This way, there will be a contrast between the glamour of the catwalks/photo shoots and the manual work that is behind the final products. To tie it all together I intend to have interview sections, in which my client explains various elements of her work, such as what is involved in the process of making her headpieces, how long she has been working in this field and the various projects that she has been involved in.

Promotional Video - Planning

Gantt Chart

Promotional Video - Analysis of Codes & Conventions

Promotional Video - Planning

Shot List/Edit Decision List - Initial Draft